The Main Bridge, a dual 3-lane carriageway, is approximately 30 kilometres long comprising a sea viaduct section of approximately 23km and a tunnel section of approximately 7km.
The viaduct section consists of three cable-stayed bridges, namely Qingzhou Channel Bridge, Jianghai Channel Bridge and Jiuzhou Channel Bridge. Among the three bridges, the Qingzhou Channel Bridge has the longest main span of about 458 m long.
To minimize disturbance to marine life and to ensure the quality of works, precast and prefabrication techniques were widely adopted in the project. Pile caps, steel bridge decks and steel towers were manufactured off-site and transported to the construction site for erection. |
HARLAN – Motorists traveling in the vicinity of 4th and Main Sts. In northeast Harlan are being made aware that, for safety reasons, a wooden structure bridge near that location is being closed for the winter. The Harlan City Council approved the closing last week through April 15. The Main Bridge is a construction from the XVI century. It has suffered lots of changes, so the original structure is very difficult to see. At the end of the XVII century, the central arch was removed because it was poorly preserved. A bridge is made up of two or more crowns for the teeth on either side of the gap - these two or more anchoring teeth are called abutment teeth. There are three main types of dental bridges.
The weight of steel tower of the Jiaghai Channel Bridge is about 3,100 tonnes. Integral erection method, which can substantially reduce the on-site welding work and enhance the quality of steelworks and safety during erection was adopted for the erection of the steel tower but a lot of challenges, such as water current, wind speed and operation of existing navigation channel, were encountered and needed to be addressed during construction. Site trials were carried out to ensure safety and quality of works prior to the erection of steel tower. The steel usage for the steel bridge decks amounts to 420,000 tonnes (equivalent to the total weight of 60 numbers of Eiffle Tower). The total bridge deck area reaches 700,000 square metres, which is equivalent to about 98 football pitches. The road surfacing work is huge and the total weight of the bituminous materials used is about 100,000 tonnes. |
Since the immersed tube tunnel is in open sea and the maximum water depth is up to 45m, technical difficulties such as stronger and unstable wind speed, wave and water current conditions had to be overcome when tunnel segments were placed. The size of a standard tunnel segment is approximately 180m (long) x 38m (wide) x 11m (high), weighing 80,000 tonnes. The top surface area of the tunnel section is about 7,500 square metres, nearly the size of a standard football pitch. The tunnel segments were precast at the precasting yard on Guishan Island, and transported by tug boats to the construction site for placement in their final position. |
Main Bridge Ny
The final connection of the immersed tube tunnel was challenging. Prefabricated steel structures were adopted so that the need to work under deep water condition could be reduced and construction time shortened. |
As the weight of the final connection is as much as 6,000 tonnes, the contractor deployed the largest lifting barge in the world to erect and install the final connection. During the erection, the contractor faced difficulties such as airport height restriction, instability of water current, working under deep water and tight tolerance of connection within ±25mm. Workers were deployed to perform welding and grouting works inside the tunnel segments immediately after tunnel segments E29 and 30 were connected. |
The bridge is a room or platform of a ship from which the ship can be commanded. When a ship is under way, the bridge is manned by an officer of the watch aided usually by an able seaman acting as lookout. During critical maneuvers the captain will be on the bridge, often supported by an officer of the watch, an able seaman on the wheel and sometimes a pilot, if required.
History[edit]
Traditionally, sailing ships were commanded from the quarterdeck, aft of the mainmast, where the ship's wheel was located (as it was close to the rudder). With the arrival of paddle steamers, engineers required a platform from which they could inspect the paddle wheels and where the captain's view would not be obstructed by the paddle houses. A raised walkway, literally a bridge, connecting the paddle houses was therefore provided. When the screw propeller superseded the paddle wheel, the term 'bridge' survived.[1]
Wheelhouses were a small enclosure around the ship's wheel on the quarter deck of sailing ships. On modern ships the wheelhouse or pilothouse refers to the bridge of smaller motor vessels, such as tugs.[1]
Traditionally, commands would be passed from the senior officer on the bridge to stations dispersed throughout the ship, where physical control of the ship was exercised, as technology did not exist for the remote control of steering or machinery. Helm orders would be passed to an enclosed wheel house, where the coxswain or helmsman operated the ship's wheel. Engine commands would be relayed to the engine officer in the engine room by an engine order telegraph that displayed the captain's orders on a dial. The engine officer would ensure that the correct combination of steam pressure and engine revolutions were applied. Weatherproof pilot houses supplanted open bridges so that the pilot, who was traditionally the ship's navigating officer, could issue commands from shelter.[1]
Iron, and later steel, ships also required a compass platform. This was usually a tower, where a magnetic compass could be sited far away as possible from the ferrous interference of the hulk of the ship. Depending upon the design and layout of a ship, all of these terms can be variously interchangeable. Many ships still have a flying bridge, a platform atop the pilot house, open to weather, containing a binnacle and voice tubes to allow the conning officer to direct the ship from a higher position during fair weather conditions.[1]
Larger warships may have navigation bridge would be used for the actual conning of the ship and a separate admiral's bridge can be provided in flagships, where the admiral can exercise control over his squadron without interfering with the captain's command of the vessel. In older warships, a heavily armored conning tower was often provided, where the vital command staff could be located under protection to ensure that the ship could be commanded under fire.[2]
On a submarine, the bridge is the highest point on the conning tower, to provide for better visual navigation when on the surface.[3] They became standard on United States Navy submarines after 1917, and greatly improved the function of the vessels while at the surface.[4]
Configuration[edit]
Modern advances in remote control equipment have seen progressive transfer of the actual control of the ship to the bridge. The wheel and throttles can be operated directly from the bridge, controlling often-unmanned machinery spaces. Aboard modern warships, navigational command comes from the bridge, whereas electronically directed weapon systems are usually controlled from an interior compartment.[2]
On a commercial vessel, the bridge will contain the equipment necessary to safely navigate a vessel on passage. Such equipment will vary with ship type, but generally includes a GPS navigation device, a Navtex receiver, an ECDIS or chart system, one or more radars, a communications system (including distress calling equipment), engine (telegraph) controls, a wheel/autopilot system, a magnetic compass (for redundancy and cross check capability) and light/sound signalling devices.[5]
Navigation station[edit]
The navigation station of a ship may be located on the bridge or in a separate chart room, nearby. It includes a table sized for nautical charts where calculations of course and location are made. The navigator plots the course to be followed by the ship on these charts.[6] Besides the desk and the navigation charts, the area contains navigational instruments that may include electronic equipment for a Global Positioning System receiver and chart display, fathometer, a compass, a marine chronometer, two-way radios, and radiotelephone, etc.[7]
Flying bridge[edit]
A flying bridge is an open area on top of a surface ship that provides unobstructed views of the fore, aft, and the sides of a vessel,[8][9] and that serves as an operating station for the ship's officers, such as the captain or officer of the watch.[9]
Prior to World War II, virtually every sailing ship, steamship, monitor, paddle steamer, or large pleasure ship had a flying bridge above the main bridge.[9] Flying bridges were generally not enclosed at all (although sometimes they were partially enclosed), and often had little equipment—usually just a speaking tube or telephone to allow communication with the helmsman or wheelman on the main bridge.[9] On military warships after 1914, the flying bridge was usually the station for the air defense officer and the gunnery officer.[3] The amount of equipment on a flying bridge varies widely with the need of the captain. During World War II, for example, American submarine chaser surface ships had a well-outfitted flying bridge which usually contained a pelorus, signal lamps, telescope, and voice tube to permit the captain to command the ship.[10] U.S. Navy attack transport ships could be outfitted with either 20mm or 40mm automatic cannons on their flying bridges.[11]
Flying bridges were almost always the highest bridge on the ship.[8] They usually were above the flag bridge (also known as the 'admiral's bridge'–a bridge above the main bridge on a command warship where a high-ranking officer such as an admiral could conduct fleet operations, plan strategy, and conduct large battles) and the main bridge.[3]
Main Bridge In New York
Since the 1980s, large pleasure craft may have a flying bridge[12] toward the stern that is used as additional outdoor seating space and a place to store a tender.[13] On the smallest surface vessels, such as a sport fishing boat, the flying bridge may have controls permitting the ship to be piloted from the flying bridge, but will lack the full range of controls of the pilot house. On larger small vessels, the flying bridge may actually be enclosed, in which case it is more properly called an 'upper pilot house' or 'upper bridge'.[3]
Bridge wing[edit]
Some flying bridges have 'bridge wings', open areas which thrust outward from the flying bridge over the sides of the vessel by approximately 10 to 15 feet (3.0 to 4.6 m) to allow an officer to see the side of his ship while docking or working with smaller vessels.[9] A bridge wing is a narrow walkway extending from both sides of a pilothouse to the full width of a ship or slightly beyond, to allow bridge personnel a full view to aid in the maneuvering of the ship.[14]Officers use bridge wings when docking or maneuvering in locks and narrow waterways. Each bridge wing may be equipped with a console controlling the bow thruster, stern thruster, rudder and engines.[15]
See also[edit]
References[edit]
Main Bridge Club Online
- ^ abcdWoodman, Richard (2012). The History of the Ship: The Comprehensive story of seafaring from the earliest times to the present day. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 352. ISBN9781844862108.
- ^ abMcLeod, Iain; Smeal, Derek (2001), 'Integrated platform management system design for future naval warships', in Noyes, Jan; Bransby, Matthew (eds.), People in Control: Human Factors in Control Room Design, Control, Robotics and Sensors Series, Institution of Electrical Engineers, p. 315, ISBN9780852969786
- ^ abcdLenfestey, Tom. The Sailor's Illustrated Dictionary. New York: Lyons Press, 2001, p. 173.
- ^Friedman, Norman. U.S. Submarines Through 1945: An Illustrated Design History. Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 1995, p. 35.
- ^Macneil, Iain (2015). 21st Century Seamanship. Edinburgh: Witherby Publishing Group.
- ^Tracy, Jane (June 1989). 'Summer editions'. Cruising World. Newport, Rhode Island: New York Times Company. 15 (6): 89. ISSN0098-3519. Retrieved 2018-01-06.
- ^Payne, John C (1998). The Marine Electrical and Electronics Bible. Maintenance and Repair. Sheridan House. pp. 420. ISBN9781574090604.
- ^ abCurley, Stephen J. The Ship That Would Not Die: USS Queens, SS Excambion, and USTS Texas Clipper. College Station, Tex.: Texas A&M University Press, 2011, p. 81.
- ^ abcdeThompson, Mark L. Queen of the Lakes. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1994, p. 123.
- ^Jones. H.G. The Sonarman's War: A Memoir of Submarine Chasing and Mine Sweeping in World War II. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland & Co., 2010, p. 29.
- ^Friedman, Norman. U.S. Amphibious Ships and Craft: An Illustrated Design History. Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 2002, p. 39, 60.
- ^'Flybridge'. mBoat.eu. 2020-06-19.
- ^'Pilothouse Motoryacht'. Boating. May 2006. p. 66. Retrieved 19 May 2013.
- ^Maritime and Coastguard Agency (Great Britain) (2002), 'V', Safety of Navigation: Implementing SOLAS, London: The Stationery Office, p. 214, ISBN9780115525759
- ^House, David (2007). Ship Handling. London: Routledge. p. 288. ISBN9781136366574.
External links[edit]
Main Bridge Results
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